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===== Nonverbal Predication (15h30-17h30, 13 May) ===== <html> <div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-bullhorn" aria-hidden="true"></span> We encourage participants to bring data, questions and or problems on the relevant topics of each session. </div> </html> ---- This session talks about clauses where the nucleus of the predicate is not a verb word, but either a noun or an adverb. Grammatically, there are two types of clauses formed with nonverbal predicates: In the simplest case (the juxtaposition clause), the subject and predicate are juxtaposed without a copula. The copular clause is more complex, containing at least a copula and the predicate nucleus, and perhaps also an explicit subject. Functionally, Cariban nonverbal predicate constructions can code all six of the typological functions often found with nonverbal predicates: equative (identify the subject as a unique individual), proper inclusion (identify the subject as a member of a category), attributive (predicate a property of the subject), locative (predicate a location of the subject), existential (introduce the subject into discourse, or else predicate the existence/non-existence of the subject), and possessive (predicate the relation of possession between two entities, the possessor and the possessum). * Juxtaposition Construction * Grammar: A nominal predicate is allowed in all Cariban languages, an adverbial predicate is allowed in some, but not all * Function: * With nominal predicate: Equative, Proper Inclusion, Attributive (nominal, and so more permanent), possessive (nominalized, identifies subject as having a permanent or characteristic possession) * With adverbial predicate: property, locative, existential, possessive * Copular Construction * Grammar: An adverbial predicate is allowed in all Cariban languages, a nominal predicate is allowed in some, but not all * Function: * With an adverbial predicate: all six functions are possible * With a nominal predicate: at least equative and proper inclusion * Other constructions that commonly employ copular auxiliaries * Negative * Desiderative (also, sometimes other cognition predicates) * Progressive (derived from locative predicate) The session will end with a detailed look at paradigms for copulas, reconstructions for two distinct copular roots, and the use of one copular root as a source for TAM suffixes.