**Ceci est une ancienne révision du document !** ----
===== Verb classes / Valence ===== <html> <div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-bullhorn" aria-hidden="true"></span> We encourage participants to bring data, questions and or problems on the relevant topics of each session. </div> </html> ---- **This session reviews the subcategories of verb roots, as well as the derivational morphology that derives new members of each class.** <WRAP group> <WRAP half column justify> * !!Intransitive!! S<sub>P</sub>: There are many !!intransitive!! S<sub>P</sub> roots. !!Intransitive!! S<sub>P</sub> stems may be derived only from noun roots plus intransitive verbalizing suffixes. * !!Transitive!!: There are many !!transitive roots!!. !!Transitive stems!! are derived from noun roots plus transitive verbalizing suffixes, or from !!intransitive!! S<sub>P</sub> !!stems!! plus one of 2-4 transitivizing (distinct from causative) suffixes. * !!Ditransitive!!: There are only two or three !!ditransitive roots!!, verbs meaning ‘give’, ‘present’ and ‘put’. !!Ditransitive stems!! are productively derived from !!transitive stems!! plus a causative suffix. * !!Intransitive!! S<sub>A</sub>: There are usually fewer than 10 !!Intransitive S<sub>A</sub> roots!!. !!Intransitive S<sub>A</sub> stems!! are derived from !!transitive stems!! or !!ditransitive stems!! by the addition of a detransitivizing prefix. </WRAP> <WRAP half column justify> !!Intransitive!! S<sub>A</sub> stems behave crosslinguistically like “middle” verbs: semantics can be reflexive, reciprocal, anticausative, passive, antipassive, idiosyncratic (i.e. not predictable from meaning of the transitive verb) and sometimes deponent (no transitive verb identifiable).\\ \\ There are also a few meaning-changing derivational suffixes, usually coding aspect: most common are the !!completive!! (to completely finish) and iterative ‘do multiple times’, but some languages (e.g. Makushi) have innovated others, like !!inchoative!! (begin), !!terminative!! (stop, finish), !!conative!! (try unsuccessfully) and ‘finally’. </WRAP> </WRAP>